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Key Takeaways
Stablecoins Recognised as FX Instruments: Brazil’s central bank has ruled that all payments and transfers involving stablecoins will now be treated as foreign exchange operations, subjecting them to the same legal and compliance standards as traditional FX transactions.
New Licensing Framework for Crypto Firms: Under Resolutions 519, 520, and 521, the Banco Central do Brasil introduced operational and authorisation rules for Sociedades Prestadoras de Serviços de Ativos Virtuais (SPSAVs) — a new category of licensed virtual asset service providers.
Stronger Oversight and Compliance Requirements: The updated framework expands anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CFT) obligations for crypto firms, requires capital adequacy, and mandates local registration for foreign service providers operating in Brazil.
Brazil’s central bank has issued fresh rules that classify stablecoin-related payments and transfers as foreign exchange operations.
Overview
The measures by the Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) are part of its broader push to regulate virtual assets more strictly. Under the new framework issued on Monday, any transaction involving fiat-pegged virtual assets — including purchases, sales, exchanges, or payments made using stablecoins — will be treated like a foreign-exchange operation.
That means they fall under the same legal and compliance rules as FX trades, rather than being treated purely as crypto transactions. These rules will take effect in February 2026. The shift is part of Brazil’s implementation of its crypto legal framework (approved in 2022), now backed by supporting regulation from the central bank.
Regulatory Implications & Obligations
By classifying stablecoins under FX law, Brazil is extending anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CFT) standards to stablecoin-related activity. Virtual-asset service providers (VASPs) will have to meet governance, transparency, internal control, security, and licensing requirements similar to those in the foreign-exchange sector. For example, CoinDesk reports that the framework imposes capital-holding requirements on crypto firms, with some needing a minimum capital of several million reais.
There are also transaction-level restrictions. One report notes that transfers involving stablecoins may be capped at about US$100,000 per transaction under certain circumstances. Additionally, firms must report international crypto-asset transfers or stablecoin-based payments to the central bank under new reporting requirements.
Foreign companies providing crypto services to Brazilians must establish a local presence or entity in Brazil to comply.
Rational & Industry Reaction
The central bank says the driving concern is risk: stablecoins are increasingly used for payments and cross-border transfers rather than speculation, and Brazil is seeing growing volumes of capital flow via these channels.
Officials have cited concerns about the potential for stablecoins to be used to bypass financial system controls, thereby increasing the volatility of capital movements. By folding stablecoin payments into foreign exchange regulations, Brazil aims to reduce fraud, scams, money-laundering risk, and financial crime associated with virtual-asset flows.
Crypto industry observers note that the changes increase the compliance burden on exchanges and service providers, raise operational costs, and potentially limit certain types of cross-border transactions. At the same time, the shift offers clearer legal certainty and better integration of crypto-asset operations into Brazil’s mainstream financial-regulatory framework.